مجله پژوهش های دانش زمین
پیاپی 51 (پاییز 1401)

Close to the DCB, Hangenberg Event have occurred, due to rising global temperatures, evidence of sea level rise, eutrophic conditions, anoxic conditions, rising carbon burial, formation of the Hangenberg Black Shale, and depletion of shallow and especially deep marine fauna in deposits (De Vleeschouwer et al, 2013). The Jeirud Formation in its type section (consists of sandstone, brachiopod-bearing dark shales, and phosphate horizons) diconformably covers the Mila Formation, and is continously underlain by the Mobarak Formation (Bozorgnia, 1973).

The Tuye-Darvar section location The Tuye-Darvar section is located Eastern Alborz Zone, adjacent to Darvar village (southwest of Damghan city) with base of the section: 36° 01' 27.31" N, 53° 53' 17.33" E; top of the section:36° 01' 19.32" N, 53° 53' 33.03" E.

Method of study:

After detailed field studies, 44 rock samples were collected to study the conodont fauna based on standard methods (Jeppson and Anehus, 1995). After sediment dissolution, washing and hand picking under binocular microscope, stub preparation and gluing conodonts on aluminum base, determining the color alternation index of conodonts with the help of standard tables, preparing SEM photos, naming and identifying conodonts and their biozones was performed based on global refrences (Sandberg et al, 1978; Ziegler et al, 1990; Hartenfels, 2011; Corradini et al, 2016; Spalletta et al, 2017).

Lithostratigraphy Jeirud Formation: The thickness of the Jeirud Formation in this section is 166 m, and includes the lower siliciclastic part with a thickness of 84 m and consists of 3 Lithostratigraphy units (included sandstone, conglomerate and shale) and the upper carbonate-siliciclastic part with a thickness of 82 m and consists of 3 Lithostratigraphy units (included sandstone, dolomites, microconglomerate, shale and limestone).Mobarak Formation: The Mobarak Formation disconformably covers the Jeirud Formation, with thickness 81.5 m thickness and underlies the vermiculite limestones of the Elika Formation (Triassic) through a fault surface. Based on the lithological characteristics, three stratigraphic units can be distinguished in this interval (including dark limestone and shale).

Conodont biostratigraphy:

Study on the conodonts in the mentioned section led to the discrimination 32 species within 10 genera: Bispathodus, Branmehla, Clydagnathus, Gnathodus, Polygnathus, Pseudopolygnathus, Palmatolepis, Protognathodus, Scaphygnathus, Siphonodella According to the age range of conodont species, 12 conodont zonation were identified, of which 9 biozones belong to the Late Devonian (Late Famennian) and 3 biozones belong to the Early Carboniferous (Mississippian).The Late Devonian biozones included: 1. Pseudopolygnathus granulosus Zone, 2. Polygnathus styriacus Zone, 3. Palmatolepis gracilis manca Zone, 4. Palmatolepis gracilis expansa Zone, 5. Bispathodus aculeatus aculeatus Zone, 6. Bispathodus costatusZone, 7. Bispathodus ultimus Zone, 8. Siphonodella praesulcata Zone to ckI Zone, 9. Protognathodus kockeli Zone And the Late Carboniferous included: 10. Siphonodella sulcata Zone – L. Siphonodella crenulata Zone, 11. Siphonodella isosticha-U. Siphonodella crenulata Zone – Gnathodus typicus Zone, 12. Scalignathus anchoralis-Doliognathus latus Zone Sea level changes and the paleoenvironment of the Tuye-Darvar section With combination of the 2 biofacies models to the Late Devonian deposits according to Sandberg and Dreseen (1984) studies and to the Early Carboniferous deposits according to Sandberg and Gutschick (1984) studies, conodont biofacies in the studied section was studied in the Late Devonian and the Early Carboniferous, that according to that, dominant biofacies in Late Devonian included (Polygnathid, Pseudopolygnathid, Bispathodid and Bispathodid-polygnathid) and dominant biofacies in the Early Carboniferous included (Bispathodid-polygnathid, Polygnathid, Pseudopolygnathid, Gnathodid and Gnathodid- pseudopolygnathid).

The lithostratigraphy study of the Tuye-Darvar section in Eastern Alborz Zone due to identified 9 lithostratigraphy unit belong to Jeirud Formation with the Late Devonian period and the Mobarak Formation with the Early Carboniferous period. 32 number of species within 10 genera were recognize, that base on this, 12 biozones in the Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous were separated. With study of biofacieces, in the Late Devonian and the Early Carboniferous, that according to that, dominant biofacies in Late Devonian included (Polygnathid, Pseudopolygnathid, Bispathodid and Bispathodid-polygnathid) and dominant biofacies in the Early Carboniferous included (Bispathodid-polygnathid, Polygnathid, Pseudopolygnathid, Gnathodid and Gnathodid- pseudopolygnathid).

The Sabalan is one of the Pliocene-Quaternary volcanoes in northwestern Iran. Based on the activity history, the Sabalan volcanic rocks can be classified into two rock groups: Paleo- and Neo- Sabalan volcanic rocks. Paleo-Sabalan was constructed during the Pliocene-Pleistocene inmultiple eruptions between 4.5 and 1.3Ma, whereas Neo-Sabalan activity initiated after a series of violent explosive eruptions during the middle to late Pleistocene (545 to 149 ka; Ghalamghash et al, 2016). The Paleo-Sabalan volcanic rocks are trachy-andesitic to andesitic and rarely trachy-dacitic and Neo-Sabalan volcanic rocks are generally dacitic to andesitic.

Field investigation and sampling, petrography and mineral geochemistry are different part of our studies during this project. Mineral chemistry have been performed on two thin-polished sections of Paleo-Sabalan olivine basalt and Neo-Sabalan trachyandesite in Iran Mineral Processing Research Center. In this center, a Micro-probe model EPMA Sx100 model made by Cameca company with a voltage of 15 kV (Kv: 15 Kev), current intensity of 20 nm (nA), a diameter of 5 um and a detection limit of 500 ppm for microscopy and point chemical analysis Used. Sample preparation for microprobe studies has also been done in Iran Mineral Processing Research Center using carbon coating device.

Plagioclase composition in the Paleo-Sabalan volcanic rocks in the oligoclase to andesine range, and in the Neo-Sabalan volcanic rocks in the range of oligoclase, to andesine. K-feldspars are sanidine and orthoclase. The Olivine and pyroxenes of the Paleo-Sabalan volcanic rocks have chrysotile and diopside-augite compositions, respectively. The most of the mica in Neo-Sabalan lava are Biotite. The most amphibole of Neo-Sabalan lavas are Magnesiohornblende, and rarely are edenite. Based on the mineral chemistry diagrams of Sabalan volacic rocks have a sub-alkaline and calc-alkaline nature that have formed in the orogenic environment. Paleo-Sabalan clinopyroxenes have crystallized at 5 to 10 kbar pressure (equal 17.5 to 35 Km depth). The amphibole phenocrysts have crystallized at a pressure of 1 to 3 kbar (equal 3.5 to 10.5 Km depth) and a temperature of about 725 to 750 °C.

Considering the crystallization temperature of amphibole (725 to 750° C) and biotite modeling with FMQ buffer oxygen fugacity at the time of biotite crystallization was estimated to be -16 to -16.50. Probably, high oxygen fugacity and the presence of aqueous minerals indicate the effect of water-rich old subduction environment on the source of primary magma of Sabalan volcano.

The volcano-plutonic complexes are important for understanding of tectono-magmatic settings in geological terrains (Wilson, 1989). The chemical composition of pyroxenes depends on the chemical composition and physical conditions of their host magmas, therefore, it can be used in determining of magmatic series nature. The Paleogene Eastern Iranian ranges is the product of the large-scale, Indian-Eurasian collisional event and their subsequent convergent involving amalgamation of the Afghan and Lut micro-continents as well as the Neo-Tethyan accretionary complexes and associated island arcs (Bagheri and Damani Gol, 2020). This paper aims to investigate new geochemical data on the Mahirud volcano-plutonic complex which represents a key area of the Sistan fold-and-thrust belt (SFB).

In order to study of the pyroxene chemistry of the MVPC, 10 samples of the fresh Cretaceous volcanic rocks were selected. Electronic micro-processing analyses (EPMA) were performed by the JEOL.JXA-8600M automatic super-probe with an accelerating voltage of 15 kW and a radiation current of 2 × 10-8 am in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences of Yamagata University in Japan.

The MVPC, previously known as Cheshmeh Ostad Group located in northeastern part of the SFB, has been interpreted as a rift-related assemblage which was preserved on the Afghan rifted margin (Tirrul et al, 1983; Angiboust et al, 2013). However, our observation indicates the Lower Cretaceous tonalitic stocks intruded the ophiolitic pillow lavas which interbedded with pelagic sediments and associated Upper Cretaceous neritic limestone (Guillou et al, 1981) in this region (figure 1). The volcanic rocks of this complex are diabase, basaltic andesite, andesite, dacite and tuff that were intruded by the Lower Cretaceous tonalitic stocks (Keshtgar et al, 2016; Keshtgar et al, 2019). The clinopyroxene in the diabasic rocks is mainly augite–diopside, while the clinopyroxene in basaltic andesite has augite composition. The low abundance of the HFSE elements, especially Ti, is a common characteristic of these clinopyroxenes. Moreover, the chemical composition of the studied pyroxenes are silica rich compared to the similar types of pyroxene in alkaline rock. This is in consistence with the geochemistry of the host volcanic rocks which are associated with ​​tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magmatic series (figure 2).

According to the tectonic setting geochemical diagrams (Le Base, 1962), the MVPC has properties similar to the magmas were originated in the supra-subduction zone (SSZ) and Island arcs (IAT) (figure 3). The presence of an island arc complex in the Sistan fold-and-thrust belt, which some of its parts are considered here as the MVPC, is comparable to the Pakistani Chagai-Raskoh and Kuhistan Cretaceous-Eocene island-arcs (Siddiqui, 2004; Siddiqui et al, 2012), in the east (figure 4). The subduction of the Neo-Tethys oceanic lithosphere under Eurasia, including the Lut and Afghan blocks, has been divided into two zones; the southern one which was an intra-oceanic subduction zone resulted in the island arcs development and on the other side, the northern one was a continental margin brought accretionary prisms and magmatic arc along the Cimmerian block.

Qom formation in type section in the South of Qom city (Dobaradar, Dochah, Mil, Naraghi, Khorabad and Shorab areas) has been divided to six members (a-f) (Furer and Soder, 1955). Lower Miocene age and carbonate shelf as sedimentary environment have been proposed for these strata in the previous studies (Alipour et al, 1395). Moreover, carbonate shelf as sedimentary environment has been proposed for marly strata in the upper parts of this section (Rabbani et al, 1399).

Studied section is located in the Southwest of Zanjan provience (near Qamchoghai village). We can use Zanjan to Halab main road (about 40km) to access this area at the right of the road near the Zarrinabad factory. Forty-two samples from one hundred and forty-three meters of strata have been studied. All samples have been documented in Paleontology Laboratory in the University of Zanjan.

Thick bedded limestones are cropping out at the base of the section that overlay the red bedded strata (lower red Formation equivalent) (Alipour et al, 1395) by disconformity boundary. Theses thick bedded strata are overlayed by marl and argillaceous limestone strata (the most upper parts of Qom Formation) by conformity boundary that gradually turned to the lower most parts of the Upper Red Formation (gypsum) in the upper parts of the section. Microfacies analysis and field studies proposed open carbonate shelf as sedimentary environment for these strata (Rabbani et al, 1399). Also, Alipour et al. (1395) believes that carbonate shelf can be consider as sedimentary environment for the f member of Qom Formation in this section.

Biostratigraphy:

In order to relative dating of these strata, formainifera and macrofossils content have been studied. Sixteen species of foraminifera and one species of echinoderms have been identified. Some sponges have been reported for the first time from this section. Based on index fossils (specifically Borelis melo curdica and Pericosmus latus), Burdigalian age can be proposed for these strata.

Paleontological studies on thin section samples lead to identify sixteen species of foraminifera fossil that based on occurrence of Borelis melo curdica (as index foraminifera fossil), one biostratigraphic zone has been identified that proposed Burdigalian age for the studied strata. Also, presence of Pericosmus latus (as index echinoid fossil) confirm the Lower/Middle Miocene age for these strata. Some of sponges fossils related to the Hexactinellidea have been reported from the Qom Formation in this section for the first time.

Landslides are one of the most destructive natural disasters. Landslides cause damage to a variety of engineering structures, residential areas, vital arteries such as roads, water and gas pipelines, power lines, forests and pastures, agricultural lands, sediments and muddy floods. When landslides occur not much work can be done, but damage can be reduced with pre-determined planning. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare a comprehensive landslide susceptibility map to reduce possible damage to people and infrastructure. In recent years, the use of machine learning methods and geographic information systems (GIS) in landslide sensitivity zoning has expanded and landslide sensitivity maps are prepared with acceptable accuracy. The purpose of this study is to prioritize the factors affecting the occurrence of landslides and zoning the sensitivity of its occurrence using the maximum entropy method in the Neishabour watershed, located in Khorasan Razavi province.

Bar watershed is one of the sub-basins of Bar River, which is located in the north of Neishabour city. This basin is limited from the northeast, east and south to the heights of Lar limestone ridge, from the west to Jurassic shales and from the northwest to the marls of Delichai Formation. In this study, landslide zoning was performed using the maximum entropy model. First, the landslides in the basin were extracted through the landslide map in the General Department of Natural Resources of Khorasan Razavi Province. Then, by conducting field visits in the basin, using local information and GPS devices, as well as using Google Earth satellite images, this map was corrected, and finally, the landslide inventory map was prepared as a point. The most important factors affecting landslides in the region include slope, slope direction, elevation classes, geology, drainage network (distance from river), road (distance from road), fault (distance from fault), topographic indexes (Steam Power Index (SPI)), Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) and Slope Length index (LS)), geomorphological indexes (Topographic Position Index (TPI)), Topographic Roughness Index (TRI) and Curvature Index, land use, Normalized Vegetation Difference Index (NDVI) Co-precipitation lines were identified and analyzed as effective factors in landslide occurrence in the study area. In order to model the sensitivity of landslides, 70% of landslides were randomly selected for training (calibration) of the model and 30% for validation of model results. The maximum entropy model was modeled as a dependent model of the presence of potential regions in MaxEnt software. The final landslide susceptibility map was zoned in five talent classes (very low, low, medium, high and very high) based on the turning points of the cumulative frequency of the pixels. In order to evaluate the results of the model, ROC curve was used using two sets of training and validation data.

Using information provided by the General Department of Natural Resources of Khorasan Razavi Province, extensive field studies, and the use of Google Earth images, a total of 74 landslides were identified in the Bar Watershed. The sensitivity of landslides has decreased with increasing altitude up to 1650 meters and has increased from 1650 to 3200 meters. The highest susceptibility to landslides is in the northern and eastern slopes of the study area. The results of the slope study showed that with increasing the slope to 40 degrees, the sensitivity to landslides has increased and after 40 degrees the sensitivity has decreased. Landslide susceptibility has decreased with increasing distance from the fault. Regarding the effect of distance from the road on the occurrence of landslides, with increasing distance from the road to a distance of 4000 meters from the road, there is a decreasing sensitivity trend, but after this distance, this trend has increased, which is probably due to other factors. Among the different uses of the study area, weak pasture uses and rocky outcrops have the highest susceptibility to landslides, respectively. Q2 and PLQm rock units have the greatest impact on landslide susceptibility. With increasing TPI index, the sensitivity of landslide is also increasing. With increasing TRI index, the sensitivity of landslide occurrence has decreased. Slip sensitivity has also increased with increasing slope length. With increasing Stream Power Index (SPI), landslide sensitivity has increased and then decreased. According to the results of Jackknife diagram, among the selected parameters in the modeling process, the slope length (LS) layers, respectively, slope direction and slope have the most participation and impact in the occurrence of landslide landslides. According to the results, 13% of the area has high and very high sensitivity, 73% has low and very low sensitivity and 14% of the area has medium sensitivity. The area under the curve (AUC) based on the relative performance detection curve indicates excellent accuracy (AUC = 0.92) in the training phase and very good (AUC = 0.87) in the validation phase. Based on the results of the maximum entropy model, about 13% of the Neishabour load field is located in the high and very high sensitivity zones.

Distribution factor analysis showed that the slope length (LS) factors for slope and slope direction have the highest participation and impact in the occurrence of landslide landslides and distance from the fault, NDVI index and TWI index have the least impact on landslide occurrence. Interpretation of the results of ROC curve mapping showed that the accuracy of the model in estimating sensitive areas in both training and validation stages was excellent and very good, respectively, which according to the results of Phillips et al. (2006) means excellent performance of the model. is. Based on the obtained results, it can be said that the maximum entropy model has high speed and accuracy in determining landslide-sensitive areas due to the unlimited ability of the maximum entropy algorithm to measure complex linear and other linear relationships. Identifying sensitive areas, using this model can be considered as a solution. The results of this study also showed that the maximum entropy model is a promising approach for modeling landslide sensitivity. Because the plan has a high accuracy in identifying and separating landslide sensitive areas, decision makers and engineers to introduce areas with different landslide sensitivities in order to build a suitable place to prevent the destruction of sediment structures, slope management, drainage and transfer Water from sensitive areas close to the implementation of structures, road network development and land use planning programs will help. The resultant landslide susceptibility maps can be useful in appropriate watershed management practices and for sustainable development in the region.

The world is diverse in all dimensions and the natural diversity of the planet can be divided into two categories: geodiversity and biodiversity. In fact, geodiversity is referred to as the diversity of non-living factors on Earth, which has certain services and functions. Areas with high geodiversity and geomorphodiversity are the main parts of the geological heritage; Hence, they must be preserved for future generations. Geodiversity provides the elements and conditions necessary for plant growth and development, so it has become an important issue in global conservation issues. In order to successfully protect the biodiversity and especially the characteristics and diversity of vegetation in an area, it is necessary to assess the geodiversity and pay attention to geoconservation. Therefore, this study intends to investigate the relationship between geodiversity and vegetation characteristics of a protected area to achieve comprehensive and complete natural protection.

Oshtorankuh Protected Area is located in the west of Iran and in the east of Lorestan province; In order to analyze the relationship between geodiversity and vegetation characteristics, various indicators were used in this research. First, the geodiversity of the study area was evaluated, which was divided into three classes: low, medium and high. Then, based on the geomorphological map prepared from the protected area of Oshtorankuh, the results were verified and then the types of vegetation in this area were divided into five classes using spectral unmixing method and based on morphological classification, and finally It was compared and analyzed with the results of geodiversity assessment. In order to determine the spatial distribution pattern of vegetation types and follow the spatial distribution pattern of geodiversity classes, the soil adjusted vegetation index was used.

The results of the geodiversity assessment showed that the northern parts of the Protected area, and in particular the northern slopes of the Oshtorankuh mountain range on the third floor of the geodiversity (high diversity); The northern and southern parts of sabz mount, Negar valley and Chalmiron mount due to the passage of Doroud strike-slip fault and various fault landforms, Alluvial–Fluvial sediments leading to the eastern valley of Gohar Lake, numerous landslides and diversity in evaporitic formations, in The second class was geodiversity and geomorphodiversity. The western parts of the Oshtorankuh Protected Area and the major parts of priz mount are also located on the first floor of Geodiversity and Geomorphodiversity. After evaluating the geodiversity of Oshtorankuh Protected Area, the types of vegetation formations in this area were identified and the space and coverage percentage of each type of vegetation in accordance with the geodiversity classes were calculated and analyzed. After that, the spatial distribution pattern of geodiversity classes was studied with the spatial distribution pattern of different vegetation formations and similarities were observed. After that, the spatial distribution pattern of geodiversity classes was studied with the spatial distribution pattern of different vegetation formations and similarities were observed.

Studies have shown that the density, pattern and area of spatial distribution and the type of vegetation formations in the protected area of Oshtorankuh follow the geodiversity classes. Thus, the meadow with tree formation had the highest adaptation to the third class of geodiversity (high diversity) compared to other groups. Shrub formation also had the highest adaptation to the second class of geodiversity (medium diversity) compared to other types of coatings. From shrub formation to pasture and meadow, the process of adapting the covered area to the first floor is increasing and to the second floor is decreasing geodiversity. According to the above, rich geodiversity is an important factor in determining the pattern, density and type of vegetation formations in an area, and therefore to succeed in the conservation of biodiversity, especially vegetation in protected areas, proper attention to geoconservation is essential.

Social capital is a sociological concept that has been increasingly used by social scientists. Thus, the main purpose of this research is to check the factors affecting the improvement of social capital in the rural settlements of Esfandagheh District. Based on the mentioned challenges; The basic questions of the research are: 1) What is the status of the rural settlements of Esfandagheh District in terms of social capital? 2) What is the relationship between institutional, social, individual and economic factors with the social capital of the villages of Esfandagheh District? And what are the most important factors affecting the improvement of the social capital of the villagers of Esfandagheh District?

The current research, in terms of the fundamental purpose and the way of conducting the research, is in the survey research group and according to the data, it is of the quantitative research type. In this research, 30 villages were randomly selected to determine the size of the random sample at the village level. Analysis of demographic characteristics and aggregation of questions to enter the model, and analysis of the structures and relationships expressed in the theoretical framework were performed using path analysis software. Finally, Cronbach's alpha value of 0.79 was got for the present study. Therefore, the value of alpha got in this research is reliable because it is close to 1.

The results show that the status of social capital among the rural settlements of Esfandagheh District is unfavorable; In such a way that the got average of all social capital indicators is lower than the desired level. The social capital, with an average of 2.942, is lower than the desired state; Therefore, the social capital is in an unfavorable situation in the rural settlements of Esfandagheh District. This result with the findings of Galli et al., (2020); that if social awareness, social trust, social cohesion, social participation, organization and social groups and social network and institutional, social, individual and economic factors are weak in rural settlements, social capital will be in an unfavorable situation. It corresponds; Also, with the findings of Werna (2001) and Up Hoff (2016); who considered social capital as one of the important factors for improving the condition of rural settlements is also consistent.Based on this, it was found that there is a significant relationship between institutional, social, individual and economic factors and the social capital of villagers. Based on Pearson's correlation coefficient, the results show that there is a significant relationship between individual factors and different indicators of social capital at the level of 0.01. This result with research (Adebayo, 2014); according to which there is a relationship between the institutional, social, individual and economic factors of villagers and social capital; It is aligned. Besides this, the most fundamental factors affecting the improvement of social capital among the rural settlements of Esfandagheh District are institutional, social, individual and economic factors. Therefore, the results show that the significance level got for all institutional, social, individual and economic variables is less than 0.05, so the results can be generalized to the statistical population. Also, the results revealed that the most important factors affecting the improvement of social capital Institutional, social, individual, and economic factors. These results agree with the findings of Dorobantu and Nistoreanu (2012), that the most important influencing factors in the village are the institutional, social, individual and economic factors in order to increase their participation and improve the indicators of social capital in this direction.

In this research, the concept of social capital is studied as a tool for rural settlements. Therefore, if social capital is considered as an infrastructure for rural settlements, it can reduce the negative effects related to this category. Also, with the necessary and executive planning, improvement of individual, social, economic and institutional factors, it is possible to help the process of social capital of villagers in rural settlements.

Todays, in most countries, tourism entrepreneurship has been emphasized as a potential tool for distribution and redistribution of wealth at all levels of society. In this framework, a special attention has been paid to entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs in the field of rural tourism. Social capital as a cohesive factor plays an important role in developing and facilitating local network structures, which can ultimately lead to the improvement of rural tourism entrepreneurship. In this regard, the existence of other components of social capital, such as social awareness, social trust and participation of villagers can ultimately lead to the promotion of rural tourism entrepreneurship. The purpose of the current research is to explain the effect of social capital indicators of local residents on rural tourism entrepreneurship in Soltanieh-Ghar Katlekhor tourism center.

This is an applies research that its method is method descriptive-analytical. Documentary and field methods have been used to collect data. The statistical population of the research is all the villagers of Soltanieh-Ghar Katlekhor axis, which according to Kochran's formula, the sample number is 322 people. To analyze the data, Pearson's correlation test and structural equations were used using PLS software.

The results of Pearson's correlation show a positive and significant relationship between social capital and tourism entrepreneurship. In other words, with the promotion of social capital components, tourism entrepreneurship has increased in the rural settlements of the study area. Among social capital indicators, network index with 0.586 and participation with 0.563 have the highest correlation with tourism entrepreneurship. Investigating the effect of social capital indicators on tourism entrepreneurship using PIS software showed that the factor loadings indicate the degree of correlation of each questionnaire question with the latent variable of the factors. The results of the impact show that the social trust indicator, with an impact factor of 156.2, had the greatest impact on tourism entrepreneurship. In other indicators, the impacts were not significant.

According to the results, social capital has led to the development of tourism entrepreneurship in the studied area. Therefore, proper communication and interaction of people with organizations, local managers, neighbors and other people of the village will lead to the development and increase of rural tourism entrepreneurship. In this regard, communication and cooperation between rural entrepreneurs with tourism businesses should also be developed.